Showing posts with label 繁体字. Show all posts
Showing posts with label 繁体字. Show all posts

Sunday, 2 December 2012

Catalan + Chinese + French + English Vocabulary Part 05


• Vocabulari de la llengua catalana + xinesa + anglesa + francesa, part 05
• 第05詞彙—加泰羅尼亞語+中文+法語+英語
• 第05词汇—加泰罗尼亚语+中文+法语+英语
• Catalan + Chinese + French + English Vocabulary Part 05
• Vocabulaire Langue Catalane + Chinoise + Français + Anglais Partie 05

Sunday, 18 November 2012

Catalan + Chinese + French + English Vocabulary Part 04


• Vocabulari de la llengua catalana + xinesa + anglesa + francesa, part 04
• 第04詞彙—加泰羅尼亞語+中文+法語+英語
• 第04词汇—加泰罗尼亚语+中文+法语+英语
• Catalan + Chinese + French + English Vocabulary Part 04
• Vocabulaire Langue Catalane + Chinoise + Français + Anglais Partie 04

If you're interested in Lao (老撾語) or Pali (巴利文) you'll find that the numbers at the top of these vocabulary-list-graphics can be co-ordinated with the other series (e.g., here is number 3 from the series with Lao and Pali, corresponding to number 3, above, with Chinese and Catalan).

Monday, 12 November 2012

Catalan + Chinese + French + English Vocabulary Part 03


• Vocabulari de la llengua catalana + xinesa + anglesa + francesa, part 03
• 第03詞彙—加泰羅尼亞語+中文+法語+英語
• 第03词汇—加泰罗尼亚语+中文+法语+英语
• Catalan + Chinese + French + English Vocabulary Part 03
• Vocabulaire Langue Catalane + Chinoise + Français + Anglais Partie 03

Monday, 29 October 2012

Catalan + Chinese + French + English Vocabulary Part 02


 • Vocabulari de la llengua catalana + xinesa + anglesa + francesa, part 02
• 第02詞彙—加泰羅尼亞語+中文+法語+英語
• 第02词汇—加泰罗尼亚语+中文+法语+英语
• Catalan + Chinese + French + English Vocabulary Part 02
• Vocabulaire Langue Catalane + Chinoise + Français + Anglais Partie 02


Friday, 26 October 2012

Catalan + Chinese + French + English Vocabulary Part 01


The sequence of the vocabulary presented here corresponds to the same word-list followed in the series with Lao and Pali; so, with a glance between the two lists, you can correlate the Chinese with the Lao, Pali, or any other combination of languages.  Of course, I could also compile further lists with other combinations (if, for example, some Lao people wrote in to me telling me that they're learning Catalan, or if Chinese readers told me they were learning Pali).


• Vocabulari de la llengua catalana + xinesa + anglesa + francesa, part 01
• 第01詞彙—加泰羅尼亞語+中文+法語+英語
• 第01词汇—加泰罗尼亚语+中文+法语+英语
• Catalan + Chinese + French + English Vocabulary Part 01
• Vocabulaire Langue Catalane + Chinoise + Français + Anglais Partie 01

Wednesday, 19 September 2012

Chinese Brushstrokes 3, Bread Never Means Bread, Cake Never Means Cake



China has its own tradition of breadmaking, and the terms used for different types of bread are likely to be among the first words you use in daily life.  However, the distinctions between different types of bread are not consistent from one region of China to another; within any particular city, restaurants will use these terms in different ways, reflecting the cuisine they represent, or the restaurant owner's origins.  There is no reliable way to anticipate if (e.g.) mán tóu will be plain white bread, or if it will be a filled bun, or a deep-fried doughnut; this is especially difficult for vegetarians (the presence or absence of meat has to be checked every time).

Similarly, the Chinese concept of "cake" is a broad category (蛋糕 = dàn gāo, ㄉㄢˋㄍㄠ).

In isolation, the word dàn (蛋) means "egg" or "oval-shaped [thing]"; gāo (糕) is a non-specific word for "cake", used also for "ice cream" (bīng gāo, 冰糕) and fried desserts (zhá gāo, 炸糕).

The character dàn (蛋) is comprised of two elements, stacked vertically.  The first five brushstrokes are the "bolt of cloth radical", pǐ (疋).  The lower half of dàn is the radical chóng (虫), meaning "insect".  This is one of many ingredients to be wary of in Chinese cakes.

The first six strokes of gāo (糕) are the compressed form of (米), "rice".  This can also indicate a unit of measure (i.e., the length of a grain of rice, also used in ancient India, including Pali).  In contemporary usage, 毫米 is one millimeter.

The right-hand side of gāo (糕) provides the phonetic hint; as a separate character, this is gāo (羔) meaning, "lamb", and it is considered an elaboration of the simpler character of yáng (羊), i.e., the "sheep radical".

In the lower half of the illustration, you can see the difference between the simplified and traditional forms of various types of Chinese bread.  A recurring issue here is the simplification of half-width version of "the food radical", shí (食).

Tuesday, 24 July 2012

Chinese Brushstrokes 2, Never Eat Apples


You should never eat apples in China.

There is almost no resemblance between the traditional form of píng (蘋) and its simplification (苹).  The only thing they have in common is the symbol at the top, i.e., the grass radical (艹) representing cǎo (艸).

After the first three strokes at the top (艹) the next component to be drawn is on the left-hand side, a miniature of the character bù (步) meaning, "a step".

The top half of this bù is zhǐ (止, most often meaning "stop" or "stillness").  Etymologically, the bottom half of the character is supposed to be a "mirror image" of the same underlying pictogram shown at the top (scil., a foot); this has been stylized into having a misleading resemblance to shǎo (少) meaning "few". [Thanks to P.M. for writing in on that one.]  Unfortunately, the misleading resemblance is re-enforced by the fact that the lexical radical for 少 is now 小 (in other words, in a conventional Chinese dictionary you will find 少 listed under the heading of 小).  Thus, contradicting the correct etymology, the modern glyph 步 contains 少 as an elaboration of 小 (whereas it should or could have a reversal of 止).

Despite the close resemblance, there is absolutely no relationship between 頁 and 貝; the etymology of 頁 is instead linked to 首, and all three are now categorized as separate radicals.

The radical appearing in píng is yè (頁), meaning "page" or "leaf" in modern parlance; etymologically, however, it is a picture of a person, or, more precisely, a human head on legs.  The same pictographic element for the head is preserved in other characters, not least of all shǒu (首, "head") and dào (道, no translation necessary).

In terms of etymology, the bottom half of yè (頁) appears in seal script as the same set of "legs" (儿) seen in various forms throughout the written language (兕, etc.); however, modern yè forms a single radical unto itself, and the legs have "withered away" somewhat.

Meanwhile, the look-alike character 貝 (bèi) shares none of these etymological aspects; the standard explanation is that it depicts a cowrie shell, although this does not explain the bottom half of the character very well.  Although some of the seal-script and oracle bones characters seem like attempts to render the shell itself, I wonder if some of the others might instead be images of the containers used to amass the ancient currency (looking like a bronze drum on legs).  If you think this is impossible, compare the historical forms of ding 鼎 (example 1, example 2, example 3, and a range of other examples); many of the precursors to modern 鼎 represented a bronze vessel with the same top half as 貝, and a few lines below it.

Somehow, with the indifferent passing of the centuries, circumstances have conspired to create a false resemblance between 頁 and 貝, and also between 少 and the lower "foot" of 步.

Having considered the ingredients, one should never eat apples in China.  Besides, it's far too many brushstrokes.

Monday, 16 July 2012

Chinese Brushstrokes 1, No Dog in Cat


Sometimes the simplification of characters can be deceptive: the traditional form of māo (貓) is built on zhì (豸) whereas the simplified form reduces the number of brushstrokes by substituting the contracted form of quǎn (犬 vs. 犭) --but quǎn (犭) is not actually equivalent to zhì (豸).  Quǎn is commonly called "the dog radical" and appears in numerous words, such as gǒu (狗); it is also an example of a character with no clear resemblance between its full-width form (犬) and its corresponding half-width pictogram (犭).  Zhì (豸) is commonly called "the badger radical", but it actually depicts a mythological beast with no English name.  Whereas most simplifications result in mutually-exclusive sets of glyphs (one traditional, the other simplified) the mainland Chinese continue to use zhì (豸) to form simplified characters (other than māo); thus, e.g., the word for panther (bào, 豹) is the same in Taiwan and in Communist China (the left-hand side being the compressed form of zhì, 豸), while the word for cat is different.  Note that zhì (豸) does not contain any horizontal brushstrokes moving from left to right (only sweeping or diagonal lines, drawn from right to left); this is not obvious in fine print.

The other half of māo (貓) is miáo (苗), most commonly used to mean "seedlings" or "sprouts" (e.g., 禾苗).  Miáo is itself an elaboration of the five brushstrokes of tián (田) meaning, "field"; the symbol above the field (艹) is the so-called "grass radical", i.e., the compressed form of cǎo (艸), "grass".